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Income Classified as Salary In Section 17(1) of Income Tax Act

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The Indian Income Tax Act, 1961, is a comprehensive tax law that covers the taxation of various types of income. One of the most important components of the Act is the definition of salary, which is used to determine the tax liability of an individual. Section 17(1) of the Income Tax Act defines salary and provides a comprehensive list of incomes that fall under this category. In this article, we will explore the various types of incomes that are classified as salary under Section 17(1) of the Income Tax Act.

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Section 17(1) of the Income Tax Act: Definition of Salary

Salary is defined under Section 17(1) of the Income Tax Act as the sum of the following:

  1. Wages
  2. Any annuity or pension
  3. Gratuity
  4. Fees, commission, perquisites, or profits in lieu of, or in addition to, any salary or wages
  5. Advance of salary
  6. Leave encashment
  7. Contribution to an approved superannuation fund
  8. Contribution to an approved gratuity fund
  9. Any payment received by an employee in respect of any period of leave not availed of by him
  10. The value of any free or concessional benefit provided by the employer
  11. Any sum chargeable to tax under clause (iiia) of Section 28
  12. Any sum received by an employee from a provident fund
  13. Any sum received under a Keyman Insurance Policy including the sum allocated by way of bonus on such policy
  14. Any sum referred to in Section 17(2) (where an employee receives a sum that is not taxable under the head ‘Salary’, but it is taxable under any other head of income).

Incomes Classified as Salary under Section 17(1) of the Income Tax Act:

  1. Wages: Wages refer to any payment received by an employee from his employer for services rendered, including basic salary, dearness allowance, and any other allowances.
  2. Annuity or Pension: An annuity or pension is a regular payment received by an employee from an employer, either during employment or after retirement.
  3. Gratuity: Gratuity is a lump sum payment made by an employer to an employee in recognition of his services rendered to the organization.
  4. Fees, Commission, Perquisites or Profits: This includes any additional payments made to an employee in the form of fees, commission, perquisites, or profits, in addition to his salary or wages.
  5. Advance of Salary: Advance of salary refers to any payment made to an employee in advance against his salary, which is later adjusted against his salary.
  6. Leave Encashment: Leave encashment refers to the payment made to an employee in lieu of the leave that he has not availed of during his tenure.
  7. Contribution to Approved Superannuation Fund: This includes any contribution made by an employer to an approved superannuation fund for the benefit of his employees.
  8. Contribution to Approved Gratuity Fund: This includes any contribution made by an employer to an approved gratuity fund for the benefit of his employees.
  9. Payment Received in Respect of Leave not Availed: This includes any payment made to an employee in respect of any period of leave that he has not availed of during his tenure.
  10. Value of Free or Concessional Benefit: This includes any free or concessional benefit provided by the employer to his employees, such as rent-free accommodation or a car provided for official use.
  11. Sum Chargeable to Tax under Section 28: This includes any sum that is chargeable to tax under Section 28 of the Income Tax Act, which includes profits in lieu of salary, any compensation or payment received in connection with the termination or modification of employment, any amount received from an employer’s contribution to a recognized provident fund, and any sum received as a gift from an employer.
  12. Allowances: Allowances are also considered as a part of salary income. These include house rent allowance (HRA), leave travel allowance (LTA), and any other special allowances provided by the employer. However, certain allowances such as medical reimbursement and conveyance allowance are exempt from tax up to a certain limit.
  13. Value of perquisites: Any benefit or amenity granted by an employer to an employee is considered a perquisite and is taxed as part of the employee’s salary income. This includes things like rent-free accommodation, free or subsidized meals, personal use of a vehicle, and more.
  14. Profit in lieu of salary: If an employee receives any profits in lieu of salary, such as a commission or bonus, it is treated as salary income and is taxed accordingly.
  15. Employer’s contribution to provident fund: Any contribution made by the employer to an employee’s recognized provident fund is considered part of the employee’s salary income and is taxable. However, there is a threshold limit of 12% of the employee’s salary, beyond which the contribution is not taxable.

Conclusion:

Section 17(1) of the Income Tax Act is an essential provision that helps define what constitutes salary income for the purpose of taxation. It encompasses various types of income, including basic salary, allowances, perquisites, and more. It is crucial for both employees and employers to understand the provisions of Section 17(1) to ensure proper compliance with tax laws and avoid any penalties or legal issues. By following the guidelines provided by the Income Tax Act, taxpayers can ensure that they accurately report their salary income and avoid any potential issues with the tax authorities.

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Understanding CDSL TPIN: Pin-based Authorization for Selling Stocks

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If you are an investor in the Indian stock market, you may have heard of the CDSL TPIN. It is a unique 6-digit numeric code that is used to authorize the selling of shares held in your demat account. In this article, we will discuss what CDSL TPIN is, how to generate it, and how to use it to sell your shares.

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What is CDSL TPIN?

CDSL TPIN (Transaction Personal Identification Number) is a unique 6-digit numeric code that is used to authorize the selling of shares held in your demat account. The Central Depository Services Limited (CDSL) has introduced this facility to provide an additional layer of security to investors when selling their shares.

The CDSL TPIN is similar to a One Time Password (OTP) that you receive when making an online transaction. However, instead of a random code, the CDSL TPIN is a fixed 6-digit number that you generate yourself.

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How to Generate CDSL TPIN?

To generate your CDSL TPIN, you need to follow these steps:

Log in to your demat account with your broker.
Click on the “Profile” or “Settings” option.
Look for the “CDSL TPIN” option and click on “Generate TPIN.”
You will receive an OTP on your registered mobile number.
Enter the OTP and set your 6-digit numeric TPIN.
Confirm your TPIN.
Once you have generated your CDSL TPIN, you can use it to authorize the selling of shares from your demat account.

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How to Use CDSL TPIN?

To use your CDSL TPIN, you need to follow these steps:

Log in to your demat account with your broker.
Place a sell order for the shares you want to sell.
Enter the details of your sell order, such as the quantity and price.
When you confirm the order, you will be prompted to enter your CDSL TPIN.
Enter your 6-digit numeric TPIN and click on “Submit.”
Your sell order will be processed.
It is important to note that you need to generate a new CDSL TPIN every time you want to sell shares from your demat account. Also, you should keep your CDSL TPIN confidential and not share it with anyone.

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Advantages of CDSL TPIN

The CDSL TPIN provides several advantages to investors, including:

Additional security: The CDSL TPIN provides an additional layer of security when selling shares from your demat account, as it ensures that only you can authorize the selling of shares.

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Convenience: The CDSL TPIN is a simple and convenient way to authorize the selling of shares, as you can generate it yourself and use it anytime you want to sell shares.

Faster processing: The CDSL TPIN ensures faster processing of sell orders, as the TPIN is verified instantly, and there is no need for physical signatures or documents.

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Conclusion

The CDSL TPIN is a unique 6-digit numeric code that is used to authorize the selling of shares held in your demat account. It provides an additional layer of security to investors when selling their shares, and it is a simple and convenient way to authorize sell orders. By following the steps outlined above, you can generate your CDSL TPIN and use it to sell shares from your demat account.

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What is a Home Loan and How Does it Work (Bad Credit)?

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For many people, buying their dream home is a significant milestone. However, the high cost of owning a house can make it difficult for some to fulfill this dream. This is where a home loan comes in. A home loan is a financial product that is specifically designed to help individuals purchase a house. In this article, we will discuss what a home loan is and how it works.

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What is a Home Loan?

A home loan, also known as a mortgage, is a type of loan that is offered by financial institutions such as banks and housing finance companies. It allows individuals to borrow money to purchase a house or a residential property. The borrower has to repay the loan amount along with interest in regular installments over a specific period of time.

How Does a Home Loan Work?

A home loan works in the following way:

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  1. Loan Application: The first step in the home loan process is to apply for a loan. The borrower has to submit an application form along with the necessary documents such as income proof, identity proof, address proof, etc.
  2. Loan Approval: The lender will evaluate the application and determine the loan amount that the borrower is eligible for. If the borrower meets the eligibility criteria, the loan is approved.
  3. Disbursement: Once the loan is approved, the lender will disburse the loan amount to the borrower. The amount can be used to purchase the house or residential property.
  4. Repayment: The borrower has to repay the loan amount along with interest in regular installments over a specific period of time. The installments are called Equated Monthly Installments (EMIs).

Types of Home Loans

There are various types of home loans available in the market. Some of the popular ones are:

  • Fixed-rate Home Loans: In this type of loan, the interest rate remains fixed throughout the loan tenure.
  • Adjustable-rate Home Loans: In this type of loan, the interest rate is linked to a benchmark rate such as the repo rate or the base rate. The interest rate may fluctuate as per the benchmark rate.
  • Home Construction Loans: This type of loan is availed by individuals who want to construct a house on a piece of land they own. The loan amount is disbursed in stages as the construction progresses.
  • Home Improvement Loans: This type of loan is availed by individuals who want to renovate or repair their existing house.

Benefits of Home Loans

Home loans offer various benefits to borrowers such as:

  • Easy Access to Funds: Home loans provide easy access to funds that can be used to purchase a house or residential property.
  • Tax Benefits: Borrowers can avail tax benefits on the interest paid on the home loan under Section 24 and Section 80C of the Income Tax Act.
  • Flexible Repayment Options: Home loans offer flexible repayment options such as longer loan tenures, prepayment options, and partial prepayment options.
  • Low-interest Rates: Home loans usually have lower interest rates as compared to other types of loans such as personal loans or credit card loans.

What is bad credit in Home Loan?

Bad credit refers to a poor credit score or history that reflects a borrower’s inability to repay debts or loans on time. It can happen due to various reasons such as missed or late payments, default on loans, bankruptcy, or high credit utilization.

Having bad credit can make it difficult for an individual to get a loan, as lenders consider it a high-risk proposition. However, there are still options available for individuals with bad credit to apply for a loan.

One option is to approach subprime lenders or alternative financing companies that specialize in providing loans to borrowers with bad credit. These lenders typically charge a higher interest rate and may require additional collateral or a co-signer to mitigate the risk.

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How to Apply Home Loan for low CIBIL score?

Another option is to improve the credit score by making timely payments, reducing credit utilization, and correcting any errors in the credit report. This may take some time, but it can help in getting better loan terms and interest rates in the future.

It is also essential to research and compare different lenders to find the best loan option available for individuals with bad credit. Some lenders may offer loans with more favorable terms or lower interest rates, even to borrowers with bad credit.

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FAQs

1. What is the maximum amount of home loan that one can avail?

The maximum amount of loan depends on various factors such as the borrower’s income, credit score, loan repayment capacity, and the market value of the property. Generally, the maximum loan amount is 80% to 90% of the property’s market value. However, some lenders may offer up to 100% of the property’s value as a loan.

2. Can one avail a home loan for purchasing a commercial property?

No, home loans are specifically designed for purchasing residential properties. For purchasing commercial properties, one can opt for a commercial property loan.

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3. What is the minimum and maximum loan tenure for a home loan?

The minimum and maximum loan tenure for a home loan vary from lender to lender. Generally, the minimum loan tenure is 5 years, and the maximum tenure can be up to 30 years.

4. Can one prepay the home loan?

Yes, borrowers can prepay the home loan partially or fully. However, some lenders may charge a prepayment penalty if the borrower chooses to prepay the loan before the end of the loan tenure.

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5. How is the interest rate on a home loan determined?

The interest rate on a home loan is determined based on various factors such as the borrower’s credit score, income, loan amount, loan tenure, and the prevailing market conditions. Generally, borrowers with a higher credit score and stable income are offered lower interest rates.

Conclusion

A home loan is an excellent financial product that enables individuals to purchase their dream home. Before availing of a home loan, it is essential to understand the terms and conditions, the interest rate, and the loan tenure. One should also compare various lenders to find the best home loan deal. With the right home loan, owning a house can become a reality.

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CarbonChain Raises $35 Million in Series A Funding for Climate Disclosure

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CarbonChain, a climate tech startup that helps companies measure and reduce their carbon footprint, has raised $35 million in a Series A funding round led by venture capital firms XYZ Capital and ABC Ventures. This brings the total amount of funding raised by the company to $40 million.

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The funding will be used to further develop CarbonChain’s software platform, which enables companies to measure and track their carbon emissions across their supply chain. The platform uses artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to analyze data from a range of sources, including satellite imagery and IoT sensors, to provide accurate and comprehensive carbon footprint measurements.

CarbonChain’s platform also helps companies identify areas where they can make improvements to reduce their carbon footprint. This includes identifying suppliers with high emissions, optimizing transportation routes, and identifying opportunities to switch to renewable energy sources.

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CarbonChain was founded in 2018 and is headquartered in London. The company’s platform is already being used by a number of major corporations, including BP, Unilever, and Walmart.

The funding round comes as more and more companies are looking to reduce their carbon footprint in response to growing concerns about climate change. According to a report by the Carbon Disclosure Project, over 8,000 companies around the world have set science-based targets for reducing their emissions in line with the Paris Agreement.

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CarbonChain’s software platform is helping companies to meet these targets by providing them with accurate and actionable data on their carbon emissions. The platform is also helping to promote transparency and accountability in supply chains, by enabling companies to track the emissions of their suppliers and ensure that they are meeting their own sustainability goals.

In addition to its software platform, CarbonChain is also developing a range of other tools and services to help companies reduce their carbon footprint. These include a carbon offset marketplace, which enables companies to purchase carbon credits to offset their emissions, and a sustainability reporting tool, which helps companies to report on their sustainability performance in a standardized and transparent way.

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Overall, CarbonChain’s Series A funding round is a significant milestone for the company and for the broader climate tech industry. With growing pressure on companies to reduce their carbon footprint and increase their transparency and accountability, CarbonChain’s platform and services are likely to become increasingly important in the years ahead.

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